Short Story. When a demand arose later for the revival of the dances, Zuni influences were introduced into Laguna rituals. Modern Language Association http: It was an opening up worldwide. Ken is the brother-in-law of Leon and a minor character in the story.
Silko has said that, for the Indian people, time is round, and not a linear string. Father Paul is a young Catholic priest struggling to lead a parish on an Indian reservation. That is, man is a minute part of an immense natural cycle, and his death has nothing threatening in it because, after a life which contained both the good and the bad that all Pueblos brought with them from Shibapu, he simply goes back to where maron came from, and in line with the communal thinking, it is hoped that his spirit will help the group he leaves behind by returning with rain clouds.
Also, she is an artist who wants to apply her imagination to the telling of tales, and to her, the essence of this particular siko is the story of this instance of cultural clash with the feelings and ideas involved. The encounter between the young priest, who is denied the opportunity to perform Catholic rites, and Leon, who insists that such rites are not necessary, is humorous.
He has affection and respect for his tye, as seen in his concern for old Teofilo. Although her part is minor, it rainn her suggestion that triggers the culture clash in the story. This is exemplified in the part of the story in which Father Paul is depicted rian bewildered by the incorporation of Catholic ritual in an Indian ceremony. On their way home, Leon clohds Ken encounter Father Paul, a young Catholic priest who expresses his sorrow that the old man had died alone.
Additional immigration occurred during the s, when the Lagunas were joined by Indians from the Rio Grandeprobably fleeing both drought and the hostility of the Spanish after the Pueblo Rebellion in and the renewed uprising in Irony can be verbal or situational.
Although some remained to join the Laguna tribe, others returned to their own pueblos when conditions improved. In accordance with Keres tradition, Old Teofilo, even in death, is still a valued member of the community, for the people are looking to him to send them big thunderclouds.
In a sense [Leslie Marmon Silko] started to write in the fifth grade: Pradt [or Pratt] and two Marmon brothers Walter and Robert came to the pueblo, married Laguna women, and reared large families. To avoid this unhappy prospect, a prayer feather is attached to the hair of the deceased, and his face is painted so that the he will be recognized in the next world. Her first story exemplifies this double vision. I could have brought the Last Rites anyway.
The stories lived on in her memory, and in later years she drew heavily upon her heritage in her writings. In an interview she has stated: Father, we just want him to have plenty of water. Silko employs an interesting mixture of narration and dialogue. Throughout the story, Silko emphasizes that the strength of Pueblo traditions lies in ,armon ability to incorporate alien elements into their own way of life.
Father Paul refuses at first, but later decides to sprinkle holy water on the grave, honoring the Native American belief that the spirit must have plenty of water in its journey to the other world. The story reveals how clashes over differences in customs and tradition can be avoided through a combination of customs.
Death is not an end, but part of a cycle wherein the spirit departs to return in time with rainstorms. As he finishes painting the dead face of Teofilo, Leon is not sad; instead he smiles and offers the conventional Pueblo prayer asking the dead man to send rain clouds.
Yet after the old man dies, Leon does not inform the priest, though the rest of his parishioners have been informed. At one point excited leslke full of plans for his Native American parish, Father Paul finds the reality of working in an Indian parish very different from what he had expected. I could have brought the Last Rites anyway. Although it lleslie not strictly a Christian burial, the dead man receives the blessings of both traditional and Christian cultures.
The story is told through an objective, thirdperson narrative, and unfolds in a rigidly objective tone. The landscape of the story with its arroyos and mesas is an integral part of the story.
Silko captures the landscape very effectively in her narrative. Leon waited under the tree while Ken drove the truck through the deep sand to the edge of the arroyo. But high and northwest the blue mountains were still in snow. It was getting colder, and the wind pushed gray dust down the narrow pueblo road. The narrator makes several references to the Indian burial ceremony and the history of the Pueblo people. To the Pueblo, death is not the end of existence, but part of a cycle in which the human spirit returns to its source and then helps the community by returning with rain clouds.
The Pueblo paint the face of the deceased so that he will be recognized in the next world. Inwhen the Pueblo swore allegiance to the king of Spain, Catholic missionaries arrived to convert Native Americans to Catholicism. Although Christianity was forced on them, the Indians continued to observe their traditional religious practices. In this story, Silko uses humor as a doubleedged tool.
The encounter between the young priest, who is denied the opportunity to perform Catholic rites, and Leon, who insists that such rites are not necessary, is humorous.
The exchange also provokes an awareness of intercultural conflict. One illustration of this is the following passage: Irony is a literary device used to convey meaning to a phrase quite different than—in fact, often.
Irony can be verbal or situational. Silko demonstrates a skillful use of irony in the story, notably in her depiction of the young priest, an authority figure who wants the Indians to follow Catholic ways but, in the end, himself uses holy water as part of a traditional Indian ceremony, participating in a non-Christian ceremony. Silko employs an interesting mixture of narration and dialogue.
The dialogues between Leon and Father Paul, and between Leon and Louise, present the characters to the readers directly. In the late s there was an interest in indigenous cultures in America.
Many Indians moved off the reservations and into mainstream American culture, becoming more visible as a result. It was an opening up worldwide. The story reflects life on the Laguna Indian Reservation in the s. For more than 12, years the Pueblo had lived in the region and traditional religious beliefs permeated every aspect of life.
Even when Christianity was introduced, it was incorporated into older Pueblo rites. The rituals in the story underscore the Pueblo concept of death. But after the white people came, elements in this world began to shift; and it became necessary to create new ceremonies.
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